There's some great information from Ed there.
If it's not too much of an indulgence perhaps I could reproduce the introduction to my last book which includes the problem Ed describes which, in part, marked the total failure of the early liner traffic from Dover - a trade which was entirely different to what has become the modern cruise industry.
This is a very condensed history but I think it gives a general picture of the development of the port. None of my nautical friends who possess much higher knowledge and qualifications than I have bent my ear ..... so it seems fairly accurate.
And this is it ......
The Port of Dover has in modern times been synonymous with the cross-channel ferry trade and watching the intense activity at the Eastern Docks ferry terminal it is easy to forget that not all passenger ships using the port were cross channel ferries. In the early part of the 20th century Dover also catered for the ocean liner traffic, and more recently the development of the Cruise Terminal has made Dover the second busiest cruise port in the UK.
As this introduction is concerned with passenger ships and not ferries, here it is worth pointing out the difference between the ocean liners and cruise ships.
In simple terms the liner provided a means of transport between two places, whilst the cruise ship offers a holiday at sea. - so strictly speaking there is no such thing as a "cruise liner" - not any more at least. It could be argued therefore that a cross-channel ferry has more in common with a liner than a cruise ship, only this distance covered by a liner was much greater!
Air transport ended the age of the ocean liners; and although a small but dwindling number of these memorable ships were converted for the cruise trade, in the Atlantic and European sphere the ocean liner trade has all but passed into history.
Dover's part in the liner and cruise trade has been quite significant and it might be appropriate to give a short history of the modern harbour in this context.
The outer harbour with it's huge enclosing granite arms and breakwater was originally commissioned by the Admiralty as a Royal Naval harbour of refuge - the work commenced as early as 1848, an immense task that was to last well into the next century.
With the arrival of the railways the future of Dover as a thriving commercial port was more or less confirmed, and in 1895 the Harbour Board started the construction of a small harbour on the western side, the newly-built Prince of Wales Pier marking its eastern extremity. This prompted the government of the day to expedite the completion of the Royal Naval harbour, but it was clear that naval and military advancements were already making it obsolete as a harbour of refuge. Although this harbour was inaugurated by the Prince of Wales in 1909, it never accommodated the large naval fleet it was designed for and the Royal Navy finally relinquished control to the Dover Harbour Board in 1923.
In the mid - 19th century it was realised that Dover could be the solution to the problem of a convenient UK port for the growing European transocean liner trade. The opinion was that by calling at Dover the European liners would avoid sailing up the Thames or making a significant detour to Southampton. So great was the enthusiasm locally that among the representations made on the continent was one where the mayor of Dover sought, and was granted, an audience with Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany to present the case for the port being available to the large German shipping companies. The European companies, particularly the German and Dutch, whilst guarded, responded positively and the first steamer arrived at the Prince of Wales Pier in 1902 but it would be another two years before the terminal would be fully equipped with railway track and a small station platform.
Bearing in mind this was an Imperial age, it was clear that another disagreement between the harbour authorities and the Admiralty was emerging. This was mainly the Royal Navy's objection to visiting foreign ships which they thought would obviously spy on the British warships! As a result the navy bluntly refused to allow the liners to use the eastern entrance. However, the commercial advantages won the case and the navy had to accept the inevitable from a position of dwindling influence.
Unfortunately the initial prospects of the success of Dover's liner trade were to be dashed. The completion of the western end of the breakwater and the extremity of the oft-lengthened Admiralty Pier revealed a major problem for large vessels. The narrowing gap between the two structures caused strong and unpredictable currents to surge across the harbour. Mooring lines snapped causing ships to swing wildly - more often than not resulting in a collision with structures in the harbour (it should be remembered that in those days the ship's propulsion systems were not as sophisticated as today and the attendant tugs could not respond with anything like the power, speed and agility of a modern tug fitted with an azimuth-pod system.
The result of the mishaps was a premature withdrawal of most of the European liners from Dover after just two years of operation. Accusations of poor seamanship from some local sources predictably did nothing to assuage the situation - clearly this was hardly a way to charm your prospective customers!. A few liners continued to call but quite often they anchored outside the harbour, or in the bay where they landed and embarked their passengers by tender - hardly a suitable arrangement.
In the late 1920's and following the removal of the block ships of the Great War there was a small revival of the European liner traffic, which blossomed throughout the thirties, mainly as a result of the migrant traffic to the USA. This of course was helped by the removal of the Navy's previous restrictions on the use of the eastern entrance. Not all of these vessels were strictly passenger ships, some were cargo liners, which, as the name suggests, were cargo ships with limited passenger-carrying capacity.
Following the Second World War a disappointingly small number of liners of various categories called at the port, but by the early sixties the liner trade at Dover had finished.
For ages the image of sea cruising was one of a pastime for the rich, where tuxedo and silken clad lounge lizards promenaded on teak decks drinking cocktails at sunset to the strains of a palm court orchestra. In the early days some entrepreneurial organizations saw offshore cruising as a way of circumventing gambling and alcohol prohibition laws (in fact some ships still operate very profitably in the Far East as floating gambling casinos). However, ocean cruising was restricted to a relatively small market.
When air travel finally called time on the ocean liners the leisure and travel companies looked to the fleet of perfectly good - but surplus - ocean liners laid up throughout the world ....... Thus the concept of the modern cruise industry was born.
The 1960s witnessed the beginnings of the modern cruise industry. Cruise ship companies concentrated on vacation trips and created a "fun ship" image which attracted many passengers who would have never had the opportunity to travel on the superliners of the 1930s and 1940s. The emphasis of cruising was the voyage itself and, whilst aiming at creating a casual environment, it provided extensive on-board entertainment and shore excursions - all at relatively affordable prices. The new cruise line image was brought to the general public eye with the popularity of the TV programmes such as "The Love Boat" which ran from 1977 until 1986.
At first cruise ships of the new generation visiting Dover were accommodated mainly on the Eastern Arm, within the Eastern Docks complex, but no dedicated terminal building existed which proved unsuitable for turnaround vessels. When the train ferry traffic ceased on the Admiralty Pier and the car ferry operations there moved to the Eastern Docks it was decided to convert the magnificent, but redundant, Marine Station, and the greater part of the pier, into a dedicated cruise terminal. This became Cruise Terminal 1 which was opened in 1996, followed by Cruise Terminal 2 a couple of years later. A third cruise ship berth for smaller calling vessels is now situated on the Admiralty Pier extension.